1. GRATITUDE, COMPLIMENT, AND CONGRATULATION

~ Gratitude / Thanking is expression when people give you some help you do something, wish you something and give a compliment.

* The expression is:
- Thank you very much,
- Thank you for your help,
- I’m really very grateful to you.

* Respond:
- You’re welcome,
- Don’t mention it,
- It’s a pleasure,
- My pleasure,

# Example:
1. Ico : The, your shoes is really nice.
Uthe : Oh, thank you.
2. Yuli : You look charming today.
Karina : Oh ya really , thanks .
3. Ina : Congratulation! You passed in the examination, you got A.
Ico : Very nice , thanks god .


~ Compliment is use to “butter up somebody” or flatter in order to increase good coil.

* You compliment someone, for example:
- On his / her general appearance,
- It you notice something new about the person’s appearance.
- When you visit someone’s house for the first time,
- When other people do their best.
Always compliment or congratulate your friends when they succeed doing something or wear something nice.

* Expressions:
- What a nice dress,
- You look great,
- You look very nice/ beautiful / handsome,
- I really must express my admiration for your dance,
- Good grades! ,
- Excellent! ,
- Nice work! ,
- Good job.

* Respond:
- Oh, thanks,
- Thank you very much.

# Example: Lisa: You look very beautiful, Ina!
Ina: Oh, thanks.


~ Congratulation is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when she / he succeed in doing something.

* Expression:
- Congratulations! ,
- Congratulation on your success,
- Happy birthday,
- Happy Valentine,
- Merry Christmas,
- Happy New year,
- Happy Lebaran day / Happy Led.

# Example: Mother: Merry Christmas, baby…. !
Ina: Oh…. Thanks mom!!!!




2. SURPRISES AND DISBELIEF

Surprises and disbelief is used to express something that we can’t belief or impossible. Surprise is an expressing that is used to express feeling on something surprising.

* There are some ways to express surprises:
- That’s very surprising,
- What? ,
- No! I don’t believe it! ,
- Oh, no,
- Never,
- Are you serous?
- You’re kidding,
- You must be joking! ,
- Really,
- What a surprises,
- Good heavens,
- My goodness,
- I find that very surprises
- I must say this mark surprise me.

* When you got a surprising fact, you can say:
- Do you know what? ,
- Believe it or not,
- You may not believe it, but …. ,
- Can you believe this?

* You can respond to the surprising fact using these expressions:
- Really,
- Are you joking?
- oh ….. ,
- Where show me.

# Example:
1. Disty : Look, I got A in my test .
Selvy : That’s very surprising .


Disbelief is kind f don’t believes expression about something.

* The expression is:
- I don’t believe that!
- I don’t believe you.
- It’s not true.
- It’s unbelievable.
- That’s impossible.
- I can’t believe that.
- I’m never trust you.

# Example:
Nitha : Dea got the second rank in our class , you know ?
Elpri : What ! The naughty grills? that impossible !




3. ADVERTISEMENT

Advertisement is information for persuade an motivation a people so that it will attracted them to the service and things that are offered.

* The functional advertisement is for:
- Promotion,
- Communication,
- Information.

* Kinds of advertisement:
A. Family advertisement,
B. Invitation advertisement,
C. Sponsored advertisement,
D. Advertisement that praises goods which is advertised,
E. Requested advertisement,
F. News advertisement,
G. Announcement advertisement.

* In making an advertisement, keep the following points:
1. Language of advertisement:
A. Using the correct or suitable world,
B. Using the interesting expression and suggestive,
C. Using positive mutations,
D. Text of advertisement should directly to the …. ,
2.Advertisement content:
A. Objective and honest,
B. Brief and clear,
C. Don’t to allude group and to other procedure,
D. Attractive attention.

Example:
Ladies and gentleman,
This is a special announcement for the passengers caviling on Garuda Indonesia flight number GA 021 to Sydney. Garuda Indonesia regrets to announce a delay to departure of this flight , due to leave at 10.00 am . The new departure time for this flight will be announced as soon as possible . In the meantime, passengers are invited to lounge B for flight refreshment compliments of the airline. Please present your boarding pass.




4. NARRATIVE TEXT

Narrative text is used to entertain and to a the readers or listeners. The narrative texts use the simple past tense.

~ Purpose:
The basic purpose of narrative is to entertain the basic purpose of narrative is to entertain, to gain and hold a readers interest. However narratives can also be written to teach or inform, to change attitudes / social opinions soap operas and television dramas that are used to raise topical issues. Narratives sequence people/characters in time and place but differ from recounts in that through the sequencing, the stories set up one or more problems, which must eventually find a way to be resolved.

~ Types of narrative:
There are many types of narrative; they can be imaginary, factual or a combination of both. They may include fairy stories, mysteries, science fiction, romances, horror stories, adventure stories, fables, myths and legends, historical narratives, ballads, slice of life, personal experience.

~ Features:
# Characters with defined personalities / identities.
# Dialogue often included - tense may change to the present or the future.
# Descriptive language to create images in the reader's mind and enhance the
story.
~ Structure:
1. Orientation: (introduction) in which the characters, setting and time of
the story are established. Usually answers who? when? where?
2. Complication or problem: The complication usually involves the main
character often mirroring the complications in real life) .
3. Resolution: There needs to be a resolution of the complication. The
complication may be resolved for better or worse/happily or unhappily .
Sometimes there are a number of complications that have to be
resolved. These add and sustain interest and suspense for the reader.
~ Kinds of narrative text:
- Legend,
- Fables,
- Fairy tales,
- Myths, etc….


# Structure that we used in narrative text:
1. The use of noun phrases ( a beautiful princes, a huge temple ).
2. The use of connectives (first, before that, then, finally).
3. The use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago).
4. The use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village).
5. The use of action verbs (walk, sleep, wakeup).
6. The use saying verbs (say, talk, ask).
7. The use of thinking verbs, feeling verbs, verbs of sense).

# Language features
1. Focus on specific and individualized participants.
2. Use some of behavioral and verbal processes.
3. Use of material process.
4. Use relation process and mental process.
5. Use past tense.
6. Use of temporal conjunctions and temporal circumstances.


Example:
The Lion and The Mouse
~ Orientation:
One day a lion slept in the jungle. A tiny mouse ran over the lion’s head and down his nose. The lion awoke with a loud roar, he was very angry . His paw caught the little mouse.

~ Complication:
The lion opened his huge jaws to swallow the mouse, “pardon me, o king, I beg of you “cried the frightened Mouse“ if you will online forgive me this time , I shall never forget your kindness . I meant no harm and I certainly didn’t want to disturb your majesty. If you will spare my life, perhaps I may be able to do you a good turn, too. “The lion began to laugh, and he laughed and laughed.
“How could a tiny creature like you ever do anything to help me? “ And he shook with laughter “Oh well, “ he shrugged , looking down at the frightened Mouse , “ you’re not so much of a meal anyway. “
He took his paw off the poor little prisoner and the mouse quickly scampered away. Some time after this, some hunters, trying to capture the lion alive. They set up rope nets in the jungle. The lion fell into the trap . He roared and thrashed . His thunderous bellows echoed through the jungle. The tiny mouse heard the lion’s roars, “that may be the lion who once freed me, “ he Said, remembering his promise . And he ran to see whether he could help.

~ Resolution:
Discovering the sate state the lion was in, the mouse aid to him, “stop, stop ! You neither must nor roar. If you make so much noise, the hunters will come and capture you, I’ll get you out of this trap.With his sharp little teeth the mouse gnawed at the ropes until they broke. The lion had stepped
out of the net and was free . Then the mouse said, “now, was I not right ? “ .
“Thank you, good mouse, “said the lion gently. “ you did help me even though I am big and you are so little . I see now that kindness is always worth while. “





5. MODALS IN PAST FORM

A. Could + verb1
Formula: S + could + V1 + O
Example: You could go to market with me.

# We use this expression:
1. To offer suggestions or possibilities,
Example: - I’m having trouble with math.
- Why don’t you ask putri ? Perhaps she could help you.
2. To indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now,
Example: - Dad, how long could you run when you were young?
- When I was at you age, I could run then miles.
3. To express polite request,
Example: Ina : Could, I use your phone ?
Isa : Yes .
Ina : Thank you .

B. Might + verb1
Formula: S + might + V1 + O
Example: She might be at the library.

1. Use this expression to tell possibilities,
Example: Patton : He where is Obiet ?
Obiet : He might be in studio with Ina.
2. Use this expression to express polite request.
Example: Abdel : Might I borrow your coat ?
Temon : I’m afraid not , it has been brought by Udin for weeks
and I don’t know he’ll return it.

C. Would + Verb1
Formula: S + Would + V1 +O
Example: When I was a child, I would visit my grandfather every Sunday.

1. Use this expression for an action that was repeated regularly in the past,
Example: - When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend,
- On Sunday, when I was a child , we would all get up early and go
fishing.
2. Use this expression to express preferences.
Example: Siti : Which country would rather visit ?
Sofi : I would rather visit America than Indonesia .

D. Would + Mind + V-ing
Formula: Would + S + mind + V-ing + O + ?
Example: Would you mind posting the letter.

1. Use this expression to give definite advice,
Example: Udin : You should paint your door, Mba Fitri. It looks terrible.
Mba Udin : Yes , I know I should .
2. Use this expression to the subject’s obligation or duty:
Example: They shouldn’t allow parking here: The street is too narrow. Application
should be sent before March 25 Th.

E. Should + Verb1
Formula: S + Should + V1 +O
Example: you should take these pills and have a rest.

1. Can
a. Can is used to express ability / possibility.
Example: I can run fast.
b. Can is used to express informally to request permission, especially if the speaker is talk to someone she / he knows fairly well.
Example: Can I borrow your pen?
c. Can is used to express informal polite request.
Example: Can you pass the salt?
d. Can is used to express impossibility (negative only).
Example: That can not be true.

2. Shall
a. Shall is used to express polite question to make a suggestion. Shall is used with “I” or “we” as subject in a question, the speaker is usually making a suggestion and asking another person if she / he aggress with this suggestion.
Example: Shall I open the window? Is that okay with you?
b. Shall is used to express future with “I” or “we” as subject.
Example: I shall arrive at nine.

3. Will
a. Will is used to express 100% certainty
Example: He will be here at 06:00
b. Will is used to express willingness.
Example: The telephone is ringing, I’ll get it.
c. Will is used to express polite request.
Example: Will you please pass the salt.

4. May
a. May is used to express polite request.
Example: May I borrow your pen.
b. May is used to express formal permission.
Example: You may leave the room.
c. May is used to express less than 50% certainty.
Example: - Where is Jhon,
- He might be at the library.

* Modals in past form
1. Could is past form of can to express:
a. Past ability.
Example: I could run fast when I was a child.
b. Polity request.
Example: Could I borrow you pen?
c. Suggestion.
Example: I need help in math. You could talk to your teacher.
d. Less than 50% certainty.
Example: Where is John? He could be at home.
e. Impossibility.
Example: That could not be true!

2. Should is past form of shall, should is used to express:
a. Advisability.
Example: I should study tonight.
b. 90% certainty.
Example: She should do well on the test.

3. Would is past form of will, would is used to express:
a. Polite request.
Example: Would you please pass the salt?
b. Preference.
Example: I would rather go to the park than stay home.
c. Repeated action in the past.
Example: When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.
* Would you mind? (formal).
Example: Would you mind if is followed by the simple past?

4. Might is past form of may, to express:
a. Less than 50% certainty.
Example: He might be at the library
b. Polite request (rare) formal.
Example: Might I borrow you pen?





6. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech is discussion which its voice is direct listen than one who converse.
Example: She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations. “Or“ Today’s
lesson is on presentations," she said .

Indirect speech is discussion which its voice is indirectly listened or who converse but submitted to other with utterance which is not similar but some … and objectives.
Example: "I'm going to the cinema", he said. Or He said he was going to
the cinema.

# Direct speech and indirect speech
- Present simple She said, "its cold."
- Past simple She said it was cold.
- Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online."
- Past continuous She said she was teaching English online.
- Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."
- Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
- Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years." - Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
- Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday.“
- Past perfect She said she had taught online yesterday.
- Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier."
- Past perfect continuous She said she had been Teacher earning.
- Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already Started when he
arrived.“
- Past perfect She said the lesson Already started when he arrived.
- Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching For five
minutes."
- Past perfect continuous She said she’d already been teacher Or five minutes.

Direct speech and Indirect speech
- Will She said, "I'll teach English
- Would She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
- Can She said, "I can teach English online”.
- Could She said she could teach English online.
- Must She said, "I must have a computer to Teach English
online."
- Had to She said she had to have a computer To teach English online.
- Shall She said, "What shall we learn today?"
- Should She asked what we should learn Today.
- May She said, "May I open a new browser?"
- Might She asked if she might open a new browser.

~ There are three kinds of indirect speech:
1. Command.
Example: - Help me please.
- Ade asked Intan to help her
2. Question.
Example: - Siti asked “are you a journalist “?
- Siti asked if / whether I was a journalist.
3. Statement
Example: - I’m reading a Avatar novel.
- Lisa said that she was reading a Avatar novel.




7. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

Descriptive text is available for a screen reader device to audibly describe a graph or map so a visually impaired user can understand the graphical information . Or to describe the characteristic of particular Person, thing , or place .

* Text structure:
- Identification: Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
- Description: Gives the information of particular thing, person, or
Place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or
Characteristic.

* Language figures:
a. Topic is usually about the attributes of a think.
b. The use of think person pronoun forms is used.
c. The use of focus specific human and non human participants.
d. The use of reasoning expressed as verbs or noun.
e. The use of material.
f. The use of relation and mental process.

* Characteristic:
a. Use the simple present tense.
b. Using detailed noun phrases to provide information on the subject.
c. Uses relating verbs to provide information on the subject.
d. Use the thinking and feeling verbs to reveal personal views about the subject
author.
e. Use action verbs.
f. Use adverbials to provide additional information.
g. Use figurative language such as simile, metaphor.

* Grammatical features:
- Who? What?
- Using linking verb and simple present tense,
- Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase,
- Attributive (the)
- Use a attributive and identifying process,
- Focus an specific participants,
- Frequent use of epithets and classified in nominal groups

Example:
My Lovely Home
~ Identification:
My house is only five minutes walk from school.
~ Description:
It is not very big , but very cozy and quiet . This is a place where we can relax and find our own space . In our home, we really enjoy our relaxing from the pressure of school and work .
It has a nice and warm living room. There is a beautiful painting of scenery hanging on the wall. My father is a keen gardener. He puts some pots of indoor plants near the door . In a low cabinet, you will see the trophies, pictures of my family , small toys , and some books .
I am lucky to have a room to myself. I paint the wall olive red, it’s my favorite color . There is a desk, I do my homework there . I
also put a portable radio-tape there . The kitchen is my mother’s domain. My mother keeps it clean all Day. There is blue wall cabinet in it. It harmonies with the gray wall tiles.
However, only few will give my home a second glance. Still we are very proud of it , it may not be a perfect one but , all the same , it is home sweet home .





8. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

The simple present tense is used to discuss permanent situations and the frequency of events.

To have Short form Other Verbs ( to work )
I have I’ve I work
He has He’s He works
She has She’s She works
It has It’s it works
You have you’ve you work
We have we’ve we work
They have they’ve they work

Statement + Statement - Question
I work I don't work Do I work?
He works He doesn't work Does he work?
She works she doesn't work Does she work?
It works It doesn't work Does it work?
You work you don't work Do you work?
We work we don't work Do we work?
They work they don't work Do they work?

Short answer + Short answer -
Yes, I do No, I don’t
Yes, he does No, he doesn’t
Yes, she does No, she doesn’t
Yes, it does No, it doesn’t
Yes, you do No, you don’t
Yes we do No, we don’t
Yes, they do No, they don’t




# There are three important exceptions:
1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary,
2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or as
to the auxiliary,
3. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and
negatives.

# We use the simple present tense when:
1. The action is general,
2. The action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and
future ,
3. The action is not only happening now,
4. The statement is always true.

# The present tense is the tense (that is, the form of the verb) that may be used to
express:
- Action at the present
- A state of being,
- A habitual action,
- An occurrence in the (very) near future , or
- An action that occurred in the past and continues up to the present.

# The formula:
~ Bentuk nominal:
- I, you, we, and they + To be ( am , are ) + Complement.
- He, she, it + To be ( is ) + Complement.
Example: I am always school every day except Sunday.

~ Bentuk verbal:
- He, she and it + Verb 1 s / es + Object / adverb.
- I, you, we, and they + Verb 1 + Object / Adverb.
Example: He likes play football.

# To be: Is: He, she, and it.
Are: I, you, we, and they.




9. NEWS ITEM

A news item is a factual text which informs readers of day news papers about events of the day which a regarded as news worthy or important. Or is a report of recent occurrences, information of something that has lately taken place, or of something before unknown; recent information about specific and timely events.

# Special function:
To inform read or listener or viewer about events of the day which are considered news worth or important.

# The structure of the text consist of three parts:
1. Newsworthy event: Recount the event in summary form.
2. Background events: Elaborate what happened, to whom in what
circumstances .
3. Source: Comments, by participants in witnesses, to and authorities expert
on the event .
4. Form: Using simple present and past tense, (but generally prefers simple
present tense).

# Characteristic:
a. Short, brief information about story captured in head line.
b. Use material process to retell the event.
c. Using saying verbs like say, tell, inform.
d. Focus on circumstances.
e. Use of projecting verbal process in source stager.
f. Using action verbs, like, escape, go, run.

# Significant grammar feature:
^ Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline.
^ Generally using simple past tense.
^ Use of material processes to retell the event.
^ Using action verb, e.g. : were , run , go , kill , etc .
^ Using saying verb, e.g. : say tell .
^ Focus in circumstances.
^ Use of projecting verbal processes in sources stages.

# There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible:
1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be“ .
- Example: Town “Contaminated“
- Complete sentence: Town is contaminated.
2. It is unusual to find complex form, generally the simple present form is
used.
- Example: Fire destroys over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.
- Complete sentence: Fire has destroys 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is
changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
- Example: World heading for energy crisis.
- Complete sentence: The world is heading for energy crisis.
4. To refer to the feature, headlines often use the infinitive.
- Example: Queen to visit India.
- Complete sentence: The queen is going to visit India.
5. Headlines are not always complete sentence.
- Example: More earthquakes in Iraq.
- Complete sentence: More earthquakes happened in Iraq .

Example:
Dogs to herd Geese From Central Park
~ Newsworthy event:
New York (AP City) Officials will use border collies to drive geese away from Central Park’s lawns and meadows next month.
~ Background events:
A Howell N. J Company, geese police Inc employs dog handlers who are educated on the behavior of Canada geese and their migratory, nesting and breeding habits. The collies, bred to herd sheep, have a natural instinct to round up geese .The geese police pilot program, funded by the New York city’s department of parks and recreation and the central park conservancy management organization, will last through April.
As with all wildlife that inhabit or migrate through city parkland, Canada geese are protected from hunting and attack by humans, parks Commissioner Adrian Beeper said Monday. But their increasing presence can damage grass and leave parks fouled by droppings, Beeper said.
~ Sources:
“The geese police pilot project is an innovative and humane effort to manage the growing geese population in central park, “ he said.







10. FINITE VERBS

Finite verbs is verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the language in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete
sentence. Finite verb can form “independent clause“ which can stand by their own as completes sentences .

Every grammatically correct sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; Sentence fragments not containing finite verb are described as phrases. Some interjection can play the same role. Evan in English, a sentence like thanks for you help? Has a interjection where it could have a subject and finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help?)

# In English, only verb in certain mood are finite these include :
1. The indicative mood: (Expressing a state of affairs : e.g. “ the bull dozer
demolished the restaurant , “ “ The leaves were yellow and stiff ). “
2. The imperative mood (giving a command).
3. The subjective mood: (Expressing something that might or might not be the state
of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence) : Nearly extinct in
English.

A verb is a word that expresses an occurrence, act, or made of being. Finite verb, sometimes called main verbs , are limited by time ( see tense ), person, and number.

A non finite verb from – such as a participle, infinitive, or gerund – is not limited by time (see tense ), person, and number .

# Verbs forms that are not finite include:
- The infinitive,
- Participles ( e.g. …” the broken window , “ ) “ the wheezing gentlemen ),
- Gerunds and gerundive.


11. NOUN PHRASES

Noun phrases is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of world containing a noun or a pronoun that functional together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject, or object of a verb.

For example , ‘ they , ‘ “ books , “ and “ the book “ are noun phrases , but “ book “ is just noun , as you can see in these sentence ( in which the noun phrases are all in bold ) .

Example:
- The people that I saw coming in the building at nine o’clock have just left
(“The people that I saw coming in the building at nine o’clock” is
lengthy noun phrases, but it functions as the subject of the main verb
“have just left”).
- Nico was late
( “ Nico “ is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb )

# Structures of noun phrases:
1. Noun pre-modifiers + noun - Modifiers before the noun are called pre-modifiers.
Modify means to limit, restrict, characterize, or other wise focus meaning.
All of a pre-modifier that are present and the noun together form a noun
phrases.
Example:
a. White house; Here white is a pre-modifiers and house is a noun
b. The three old democratic legislator; Here the three old democratic is
Pre-modifiers and legislator is a noun.

2. Noun post-modifiers-Modifiers coming after a noun are called post-modifiers.
Noun phrases = noun-modifiers, a noun phrases consists of a noun and all of its
modifiers. It can function in a sentence as a subject, object or complement.
Example:
a. The glass on the table; Here on the table is the post-modifiers.
b. The boy in the story; Here in the story is the post-modifiers.

3. Noun phrases = pre-modifiers + noun + post-modifiers
The noun together with all pre and post-modifiers constitutes a single unit, a
noun phrases that indicates the complete reference.
Example:
a. The boy on top of the house are……… ; Here the is pre-modifiers, boys is the noun,
on top of the house is the post-modifiers.

# Kinds of noun phrases:
a. Noun + Noun, example: beautiful girl.
b. Verb + Noun, example: take a bath.
c. Gerund + Noun, example: swimming pool,
d. Pronoun + Noun, example: his face.
e. Adjective + Noun, example: black laptop.
f. Determiner + Noun, example: a glass.

# Word classes:
Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, determiners, prepositions, and conjunction.




12. PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice is a passive construction occurs when you make the object an action into the subject of a sentence.

The formula:
1 Present tense S + V1 ( S / ES ) + O, example: Hi Maria buys a new book in the
shop.
O + IS / AM /ARE + V3 + BY…, Example: A new book is bought in the market by Maria.
(her).
2 Past tense
S + V2 + O, Example: Ratih wrote a letter for me.
O + WAS / WERE + V3 + By…, Example: A letter for me was written by septa (him).
3 Present continuous
S + IS / AM / ARE ( TO BE ) + V-ing, Example: Father is reading newspapers.
O + IS / AM / ARE + BEING + V3 + BY…, Example: Newspapers are being read by mother
(her).
4 Past continuous
S + WAS / WERE + V-ing + O, Example: Father was making a cake in the kitchen.
O + WAS / WERE + BEING + V3 + BY…, Example: A cake was being made in the kitchen by
father (him).
5 Present perfect
S + HAS / HAVE + V3 + O, Example: The teacher giving many homework for us,
O + HAS / HAVE + BEEN + V3 + BY…, Example: Many homework have been given for us by
the teacher (her).
6 Past perfect
S + HAD + V3 + O, Example: My grandfather had built a new house in my town.
O + HAD + BEEN + V3 + BY…, Example: A new house had been built in my town by my
grandfather (him).

7 Present future
S + SHALL / WILL + V1 + O, Example: The man will cut hair tomorrow.
O + SHALL / WILL + BE + V3 + BY…, Example: Hair will be cut tomorrow by the man
(him).
8 Past future
S + SHOULD / WOULD + V1 + O, Example: We should sell our old furniture for them.
O + SHOULD / WOULD + BE + V3 + BY…, Example: Our old furniture would be sold for
them by us.


# When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
- The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
- The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle).
- The subject of the active sentence become the object of the passive sentence (or
is dropped).

# Agent:
In passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent. The person or thing that does the action , or that causes what happens .
Example:
1. My mother makes sandwich every morning.
Subject + verb 1 s / es + o + c
Sandwich is made by my mother every morning.
Subject to be + V: agent + C

# If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive
forms, there are two ways:
1. Makes its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.


Example:
Rahman is giving his girl – friend a bunch of flower
Indirect object Direct object
The indirect object as the subject passive: Rahman’s girl – friend is being given a buch of flower.
The indirect object the subject: A bunch of flower is being given to Rahman’s girl – friend .